say we have:
说我们有:
dat <- data.frame( x1 = c(rep(c("A","B"), each = 4),"B"),
x2 = rep(c("a","a","b","b", "a","a","a","a","a")),
x3 = c("cow","pig","cow","cow",
"cow","pig","pig","pig",
"cow"
)
)
dat <- data.frame( x1 =